From the very start of the epidemic, it was recognized that HIV infection led to an increased risk of so-called AIDS-defining cancers, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-Hodgkins’ lymphoma and invasive cervical cancer. They have become less common since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, a relative increase of other non-AIDS-defining cancers, especially lung cancer, anal cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, has been seen in HIV positive populations in Europe and North America.